Introduction to Meteorology and Climatology
Climate Classification and Climatic Regions of the
World
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7v.html
Climate
Classification
The Köppen
Climate Classification System is the most widely used system for classifying
the world's climates. Its categories are based on the annual and monthly
averages of temperature and precipitation. The Köppen system recognizes five
major climatic types; each type is designated by a capital letter.
A -
Tropical Moist Climates: all months have average temperatures above 18 degrees
Celsius.
B - Dry
Climates: with deficient precipitation during most of the year.
C - Moist
Mid-latitude Climates with Mild Winters.
D - Moist
Mid-Latitude Climates with Cold Winters.
E - Polar
Climates: with extremely cold winters and summers.
Tropical Moist Climates (A)
Tropical
moist climates extend northward and southward from the equator to about 15 to
25 degrees of latitude. In these climates all months have average temperatures
greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Annual precipitation is greater than 1500 mm.
Three minor Köppen climate types exist in the A group, and their designation is
based on seasonal distribution of rainfall. Af or tropical wet is a tropical
climate where precipitation occurs all year long. Monthly temperature
variations in this climate are less than 3 degrees Celsius. Because of intense
surface heating and high humidity, cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds form early
in the afternoons almost every day. Daily highs are about 32 degrees Celsius,
while night time temperatures average 22 degrees Celsius. Am is a tropical
monsoon climate. Annual rainfall is equal to or greater than Af, but falls in
the 7 to 9 hottest months. During the dry season very little rainfall occurs.
The tropical wet and dry or savanna (Aw) has an extended dry season during
winter. Precipitation during the wet season is usually less than 1000
millimeters, and only during the summer season.
Dry
Climates (B)
The most
obvious climatic feature of this climate is that potential evaporation and
transpiration exceed precipitation. These climates extend from 20 - 35 degrees
North and South of the equator and in large continental regions of the
mid-latitudes often surrounded by mountains. Minor types of this climate
include:
Bw - dry
arid (desert) is a true desert climate. It covers 12 % of the Earth's land
surface and is dominated by xerophytic vegetation.
Bs - dry
semiarid (steppe). Is a grassland climate that covers 14% of the Earth's land
surface. It receives more precipitation than the Bw either from the
intertropical convergence zone or from mid-latitude cyclones.
Moist
Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates (C)
This
climate generally has warm and humid summers with mild winters. Its extent is
from 30 to 50 degrees of latitude mainly on the eastern and western borders of
most continents. During the winter, the main weather feature is the
mid-latitude cyclone. Convective thunderstorms dominate summer months. Three
minor types exist: Cfa - humid subtropical; Cs -
Moist
Continental Mid-latitude Climates (D)
Moist
continental mid-latitude climates have warm to cool summers and cold winters. The
location of these climates is poleward of the C climates. The average
temperature of the warmest month is greater than 10 degrees Celsius, while the
coldest month is less than -30 degrees Celsius. Winters are severe with
snowstorms, strong winds, and bitter cold from Continental Polar or
Polar
Climates (E)
Polar
climates have year-round cold temperatures with the warmest month less than 10
degrees Celsius. Polar climates are found on the northern coastal areas of
North America, Europe, Asia, and on the landmasses of Greenland and Antarctica.
Two minor climate types exist. ET or polar tundra is a climate where the soil
is permanently frozen to depths of hundreds of meters, a condition known as
permafrost. Vegetation is dominated by mosses, lichens, dwarf trees and
scattered woody shrubs. EF or polar ice caps has a surface that is permanently
covered with snow and ice.
Factors Influencing the World Climatic Regions
So far in
this course we have discovered that the climate of a particular place is the
function of a number of factors. These factors include:
1) Latitude
and its influence on solar radiation received.
2) Air mass
influences.
3) Location
of global high and low pressure zones.
4) Heat
exchange from ocean currents.
5)
Distribution of mountain barriers.
6) Pattern
of prevailing winds.
7)
Distribution of land and sea.
8)
Altitude.
At a
macro-level, the first three factors are most important in influencing a
region's climate. The animated graphic below provides us with a generalized
model of the Earth's annual climatic variations. It also describes the
latitudinal effects of these top three factors through the following climatic
features:
Relative
annual latitudinal location of the overhead sun at solar noon.
Intertropical
convergence zone and its area of uplift, cloud development and precipitation.
Subtropical
high pressure zone and its associated descending air currents and clear skies.
Polar front
and its area of uplift, cloud development and precipitation.
Polar
vortex and its associated descending air currents and clear skies.
Relative
location of tropical/subtropical (red) and polar (light blue) air masses.
In the
animation we can see that the intertropical convergence zone, the subtropical
high pressure zone, polar front and the position of tropical/subtropical and
polar air masses all move in response to the seasonal movements of the sun. It
is important to understand this concept because of its climatic ramifications
for locations on the globe. The type of climate that a location experiences is
to a large extent a function of seasonal migration of these weather features. For
example, a location at 15 degrees North latitude is influenced by the
subtropical high pressure zone during winter solstice and by the intertropical
convergence zone during the summer solstice. Another location, at 60 degrees
North latitude, would be influenced by polar air masses during the winter
solstice, the polar front during the equinoxes, and by subtropical air masses
and the subtropical high pressure zone during the summer solstice.
Climatic Region Descriptions
The
following discussion organizes the climatic regions of the world into eight
different groups. Categorization of these climates is based on their Köppen
classification and seasonal dominance of air masses.
Tropical
Wet
Köppen
Classification - Af.
Dominated
by Maritime Tropical air masses all year long.
The
tropical wet climate is characterized by somewhat consistent daily high
temperatures ranging between 20 to 30 degrees Celsius. The monthly temperature
averages vary from 24 to 30 degrees Celsius. Annual range of monthly
temperatures is about 3 degrees Celsius. It has reasonably uniform
precipitation all year round, and total rainfall over 2000 millimeters or
greater.
The region
experiencing this climate lies within the effects of the intertropical
convergence zone all year long. Convergence and high maritime humidities create
cumulus clouds and thunderstorms almost daily.
Andagoya,
Columbia 5 degrees N , Elevation: 65 m
Jan. Feb. Mar.
Apr. May June
July Aug. Sept.
Oct. Nov. Dec.
Year
Temp. °
C 27 27
28 28 27
27 27 27
27 27 27
27 27
Precip.
mm 554
519 557 620
655 655 572
574 561 563
563 512
6905
Iquitos,
Peru 4 degrees S , Elevation: 104 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 27 27
27 27 26
26 25 27
27 27 27
27 26
Precip.
mm 256 276
349 306 271
199 165 157
191 214 244
217 2845
Tropical
Wet and Dry
Köppen
Classification - Aw, Am and BS.
Maritime
Tropical air masses high sun season and Continental Tropical air masses low sun
season.
This
climate has distinct wet/dry periods. The seasonal pattern of moisture is due
to the migration of the intertropical convergence zone. The wet season is
synchronous with the high sun and the presence of the convergence zone. The dry
season is a result of the more stable air developing from the subsidence
associated with the presence of the subtropical high zone during the low sun
season.
During the
rainy season, the climate of this location is similar to the tropical wet
climate: warm, humid, and has frequent thunderstorms. During the dry season
more or less semi-desert conditions prevail. Some regions may experience
intensification of rainfall because of monsoon development and orographic
uplift.
Calcutta,
India 22.5 degrees N , Elevation: 6 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 20
23 28 30
31 30 29
29 30 28
24 21 27
Precip.
mm 13
24 27 43
121 259 301
306 290 160
35 3 1582
Mangalore,
India 13 degrees N , Elevation: 22 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 27 27
28 29 29
27 26 26
26 27 27
27 27
Precip.
mm 5 2
9 40 233
982 1059 577
267 206 71
18 3467
Cuiaba,
Brazil 13.5 degrees S , Elevation: 165 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 27 27
27 27 26
24 24 26
28 28 28
27 27
Precip.
mm 216 198
232 116 52
13 9 12
37 130
165 195 1375
Darwin,
Australia 12.5 degrees S , Elevation: 27 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 28 28
28 28 27
25 25 26 28
29 29 29
28
Precip.
mm 341 338
274 121 9
1 2 5
17 66 156
233 1563
Tropical
Desert
Köppen
Classification - BW.
Dominated
by Continental Tropical air masses all year.
This
climate type covers 25 percent of all land area on the continents. The heart of
the tropical desert climate is found near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn,
usually toward the western side of the continents. Regions with this climate
have the following common climatic characteristics:
low
relative humidity and cloud cover.
low
frequency and amount of precipitation.
high mean
annual temperature.
high
monthly temperatures.
high
diurnal temperature ranges.
high wind
velocities.
The
tropical desert climate is influenced by upper air stability and subsidence
which is the result of the presence of the subtropical high pressure zone. Relative
humidity is normally low, averaging 10 to 30 percent in interior locations. Precipitation
is very low in quantity and very infrequent in distribution, both temporally
and spatially.
Temperature
varies greatly both diurnally and annually. The highest average monthly
temperatures on the Earth are found in the tropical desert. They range between
29 to 35 degrees Celsius. Winter monthly temperatures can be 15 to 25 degrees
cooler than summer temperatures. This climate also has extreme diurnal ranges
of temperature. The average diurnal range is from 14 to 25 degrees Celsius.
Wadi Halfa,
Sudan 22 degrees N , Elevation: 160 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 15
17 21 26
31 32 32
33 30 28
22 17 25
Precip.
mm 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 3
Berbera,
Somalia 10.5 degrees N , Elevation: 8 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 25
26 27 29
32 37 37
37 34 29
26 26 30
Precip.
mm 8 2
5 12 8
1 1 2
1 2 5
5 52
Alice
Springs, Australia 23.5 degrees S , Elevation: 579 m
Jan. Feb.
Mar. Apr. May
June July Aug. Sept. Oct.
Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. °
C 28
28 25 20
15 12 12
14 18 23
26 27 21
Precip.
mm 44
34 28 10
15 13 7
8 7 18
29 39 252
Mid-Latitude
Wet
Köppen
Classification - Cf and Df.
Maritime
Tropical in summer and Maritime Polar in winter.
The
Mid-Latitude Wet climate is found in the Northern Hemisphere in the region from
60 degrees North to 25 to 30 degrees North mainly along the eastern margins of
the continents. In North America, this climate extends from the Pacific coast
of Canada at latitudes above 55 degrees eastward to the Atlantic coast where it
dominates the eastern half of the continent. In the Southern Hemisphere, this
climate exists on the Southeastern tip of South America, New Zealand and the
Southeast coast of Australia.
Summer
weather is dominated by Maritime Tropical air masses which produce many
thunderstorms from daytime heating. Monthly average temperature ranges from 21
to 26 degrees Celsius with the tropical areas going as high as 29 degrees
Celsius. This is slightly warmer than the humid tropics. Frontal weather
associated with the mid-latitude cyclone dominates the climate of more polar
areas and is more frequent in all regions in the winter.
Precipitation in this climate is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. Annual totals of precipitation are quite variable and depend on the latitude and continental position of the regions. During the summer and on the equatorial margins, convectional rainfall is the primary mechanism of precipitation. The southeast of the United Sates averages 40 to 60 days of thunderstorms per year. The frequency of thunderstorms decreases rapidly from south to north. Hurricanes also provide a mechanism for producing precipitation in more tropical regions of this climate.
New Orleans, USA 30 degrees N , Elevation: 1 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 12 13 16 20 24 27 28 28 26 21 16 13 20
Precip. mm 98 101 136 116 111 113 171 136 128 72 85 104 1371
Williston, North Dakota 47.5 degrees N , Elevation: 579 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -12 -10 -4 6 13 17 22 20 14 8 -2 -8 5
Precip. mm 14 12 18 24 36 84 48 38 28 19 15 13 349
Buenos Aires, Argentina 34.5 degrees S , Elevation: 27 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 23 23 21 17 13 9 10 11 13 15 19 22 16
Precip. mm 103 82 122 90 79 68 61 68 80 100 90 83 1026
London, England 51.5 degrees N , Elevation: 5 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 4 4 7 9 12 16 18 17 15 11 7 5 10
Precip. mm 54 40 37 38 46 46 56 59 50 57 64 48 595
Mid-Latitude Winter-Dry
Köppen Classification - Cw and Dw.
Maritime Tropical air masses in summer and Continental Polar air masses in winter.
This climate is characterized by a strong seasonal pattern of both temperature and precipitation. The normal location of the Mid-Latitude Winter-Dry climate is in the interior of the continents in the mid-latitudes. This continental location causes a large annual temperature range because of continentality.
This climate receives Maritime Tropical air masses in the summer with occasional Continental Tropical air masses from the adjacent deserts. Summers are hot and humid with intense summer convectional storms. Continental Polar air masses are dominant in the winter with an occasional outbreak of Maritime Polar air. Continental Polar air masses are associated with cold, dry weather conditions. Precipitation mainly occurs in the summer from thunderstorm activity. The mid-latitude cyclone produces a smaller quantity of precipitation in the winter.
Calgary, Canada 51 degrees N , Elevation: 329 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -10 -9 -4 4 10 13 17 15 11 5 -2 -7 4
Precip. mm 17 20 26 35 52 88 58 59 35 23 16 15 444
Omaha, USA 41 degrees N , Elevation: 298 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -5 -3 3 11 17 23 26 25 19 13 4 -2 11
Precip. mm 21 24 37 65 88 115 86 101 67 44 32 20 700
Mid-Latitude Summer-Dry
Köppen Classification - Cs and Ds.
Summer weather is dominated by Continental Tropical air, while in the winter, Maritime Polar air masses are frequent.
The Mid-Latitude Summer-Dry climate is found on the western margins of the continents between 30 to 40 degrees of latitude. Usually, this climate does not spread into the continents very far. This climate is often called a Mediterranean climate.
Precipitation falls mainly in the winter in this climate via the mid-latitude cyclone. During the summer these areas are influenced by stable subtropical highs, that give them dry, warm weather.
Santiago, Chile 33.5 degrees S , Elevation: 512 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 19 19 17 13 11 8 8 9 11 13 16 19 14
Precip. mm 3 3 5 13 64 84 76 56 30 13 8 5 360
Los Angeles, USA 34 degrees N , Elevation: 37 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 13 14 15 17 18 20 23 23 22 18 17 15 18
Precip. mm 78 85 57 30 4 2 0 1 6 10 27 73 373
Rome, Italy 42 degrees N , Elevation: 131 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 8 8 10 13 17 22 24 24 21 16 12 9 15
Precip. mm 76 88 77 72 63 48 14 22 70 128 116 106 881
Polar Wet and Dry
Köppen Classification - ET.
Maritime Polar in summer and Continental Polar or Arctic in winter.
The polar wet and dry climate is characterized by cold winters, cool summers, and a summer rainfall regime. Areas experiencing this climate are the North American Arctic coast, Iceland, coastal Greenland, the Arctic coast of Europe and Asia, and the Southern Hemisphere islands of McQuarie, Kerguelen, and South Georgia. Annual precipitation averages less than 250 mm for most locations and most of this precipitation falls during the summer.
Isachsen, Canada 79 degrees N , Elevation: 35 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -35 -37 -35 -24 -12 0 4 1 -8 -19 -28 -32 -19
Precip. mm 2 2 1 4 8 3 22 23 18 10 4 2 98
Nord, Greenland 81.5 degrees N , Elevation: 35 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -30 -30 -33 -23 -11 0 4 2 -8 -19 -24 -26 -16
Precip. mm 23 20 8 5 3 5 12 19 21 16 35 37 204
Polar Desert
Köppen Classification - EF.
Continental Arctic and Continental Polar air masses dominate.
Polar Desert climates are located in the high latitudes over continental areas, like Greenland and the Antarctica. This climate type covers a vast area of the Earth. For half of the year no solar radiation is received. During the summer months, available insolation is fairly high because of long days and a relatively transparent atmosphere. However, the albedo of snow-covered surfaces reflects up 90 percent of the insolation back to space. Average monthly temperatures are all generally below zero degrees Celsius. Winds are consistent and velocity is high enough to produce blizzard conditions most of the time.
Mirny, Antarctica 66.5 degrees S , Elevation: 30 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -2 -5 -10 -14 -16 -16 -17 -17 -17 -14 -7 -3 -12
Precip. mm 13 19 51 44 92 67 77 95 52 43 46 26 625
Plateau Station, Antarctica 79 degrees S , Elevation: 3625 m
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -34 -44 -57 -66 -66 -69 -68 -71 -65 -60 -44 -32 -56
Precip. mm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
1
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 27 27 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
Precip. mm 554 519 557 620 655 655 572 574 561 563 563 512 6905
2
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 27 27 27 27 26 26 25 27 27 27 27 27 26
Precip. mm 256 276 349 306 271 199 165 157 191 214 244 217 2845
3
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 20 23 28 30 31 30 29 29 30 28 24 21 27
Precip. mm 13 24 27 43 121 259 301 306 290 160 35 3 1582
4
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 27 27 28 29 29 27 26 26 26 27 27 27 27
Precip. mm 5 2 9 40 233 982 1059 577 267 206 71 18 3467
5
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 27 27 27 27 26 24 24 26 28 28 28 27 27
Precip. mm 216 198 232 116 52 13 9 12 37 130 165 195 1375
6
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 28 28 28 28 27 25 25 26 28 29 29 29 28
Precip. mm 341 338 274 121 9 1 2 5 17 66 156 233 1563
7
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 15 17 21 26 31 32 32 33 30 28 22 17 25
Precip. mm 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
8
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 25 26 27 29 32 37 37 37 34 29 26 26 30
Precip. mm 8 2 5 12 8 1 1 2 1 2 5 5 52
9
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 28 28 25 20 15 12 12 14 18 23 26 27 21
Precip. mm 44 34 28 10 15 13 7 8 7 18 29 39 252
10
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 12 13 16 20 24 27 28 28 26 21 16 13 20
Precip. mm 98 101 136 116 111 113 171 136 128 72 85 104 1371
11
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -12 -10 -4 6 13 17 22 20 14 8 -2 -8 5
Precip. mm 14 12 18 24 36 84 48 38 28 19 15 13 349
12
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 23 23 21 17 13 9 10 11 13 15 19 22 16
Precip. mm 103 82 122 90 79 68 61 68 80 100 90 83 1026
13
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 4 4 7 9 12 16 18 17 15 11 7 5 10
Precip. mm 54 40 37 38 46 46 56 59 50 57 64 48 595
14
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -10 -9 -4 4 10 13 17 15 11 5 -2 -7 4
Precip. mm 17 20 26 35 52 88 58 59 35 23 16 15 444
15
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -5 -3 3 11 17 23 26 25 19 13 4 -2 11
Precip. mm 21 24 37 65 88 115 86 101 67 44 32 20 700
16
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 19 19 17 13 11 8 8 9 11 13 16 19 14
Precip. mm 3 3 5 13 64 84 76 56 30 13 8 5 360
17
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 13 14 15 17 18 20 23 23 22 18 17 15 18
Precip. mm 78 85 57 30 4 2 0 1 6 10 27 73 373
18
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C 8 8 10 13 17 22 24 24 21 16 12 9 15
Precip. mm 76 88 77 72 63 48 14 22 70 128 116 106 881
19
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -35 -37 -35 -24 -12 0 4 1 -8 -19 -28 -32 -19
Precip. mm 2 2 1 4 8 3 22 23 18 10 4 2 98
20
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -30 -30 -33 -23 -11 0 4 2 -8 -19 -24 -26 -16
Precip. mm 23 20 8 5 3 5 12 19 21 16 35 37 204
21
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -2 -5 -10 -14 -16 -16 -17 -17 -17 -14 -7 -3 -12
Precip. mm 13 19 51 44 92 67 77 95 52 43 46 26 625
22
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temp. ° C -34 -44 -57 -66 -66 -69 -68 -71 -65 -60 -44 -32 -56
Precip. mm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
ACTIVITY
A) Draw a diagram temperature/month/precipitation of each town.
B) Which type of climatic regions they belong?
C) Try to identify the name of the town into the list below.
Mirny, Antarctica 66.5 degrees S , Elevation: 30 m
Isachsen, Canada 79 degrees N , Elevation: 35 m
Rome, Italy 42 degrees N , Elevation: 131 m
Los Angeles, USA 34 degrees N , Elevation: 37 m
Santiago, Chile 33.5 degrees S , Elevation: 512 m
Omaha, USA 41 degrees N , Elevation: 298 m
Calgary, Canada 51 degrees N , Elevation: 329 m
London, England 51.5 degrees N , Elevation: 5 m
Williston, North Dakota 47.5 degrees N , Elevation: 579 m
Alice Springs, Australia 23.5 degrees S , Elevation: 579 m
Darwin, Australia 12.5 degrees S , Elevation: 27 m
Mangalore, India 13 degrees N , Elevation: 22 m
Plateau Station, Antarctica 79 degrees S , Elevation: 3625 m
Calcutta, India 22.5 degrees N , Elevation: 6 m
Cuiaba, Brazil 13.5 degrees S , Elevation: 165 m
Andagoya, Columbia 5 degrees N , Elevation: 65 m
Iquitos, Peru 4 degrees S , Elevation: 104 m
Wadi Halfa, Sudan 22 degrees N , Elevation: 160 m
Berbera, Somalia 10.5 degrees N , Elevation: 8 m
New Orleans, USA 30 degrees N , Elevation: 1 m
Buenos Aires, Argentina 34.5 degrees S , Elevation: 27 m
Nord, Greenland 81.5 degrees N , Elevation: 35 m