Web do IES Pintor Colmeiro

Verán / Summer
	Galego	English
O verán é unha época adicada a recoller as primeiras colleitas do ano. Faise a seitura e malla do cereal, cóllese a herba para conservala para o inverno e cóllense as patacas e os productos de horta. Tamén hai que mirar polo millo que xa está crecido e os animais.		Summer is the time of the first harvests. It is the time for reaping and threshing cereal, harvesting hay for winter, picking potatoes and vegetables. It is also the time to look after the corn that is growing and the animals too.
AA seitura		The reaping
	Foto 1. Segador. A seitura é a sega do trigo ou do centeo. Tiña lugar arredor do mes de xullo, cando o cereal estaba maduro. Era un traballo colectivo, no que se podían empregar veciños ou xornaleiros que formaban cuadrillas. Esta actividade consistía na corta do cereal, o atado dos monllos e o transporte nun carro á eira. Nesta fotografía podemos ver a un dos segadores que corta o centeo cunha gadaña.	Picture 1. Reaper. The reaping of wheat or rye took place around July when the grain was ripe. It was a collectice work for neighbours and day labourers who formed groups. They had to real the cereal, tie the sheaves and the transport it in carts to the yard. In this picture we can see a reaper using a scythe.
	Foto 2. Segador. Nesta fotografía vemos a outro segador cun pano na cabeza para protexerse do sol. A seitura tiña lugar nunha soa xornada, de sol a sol, cando o tempo era seco para evitar que o cereal cortado podrecera coa humidade.	Picture 2. Reaper. In this picture we can see another reaper with a handkerchief on his head to protect himself from the sun. The reaping took place in just one day, from sunrise to sunset, when the weather was dry so the cereal did not rot with humidity.
	Foto 3. Segador. Nesta fotografía vemos a outro segador que protexe a cabeza cun sombreiro de palla. Na man leva un feixe de centeo ou monllo. Ó rematar de segar, os monllos xúntanse e colócanse en medoucas ou montóns de forma cónica. As espigas colócanse cara o centro para protexelas da chuvia.	Picture 3. Reaper. in this picture we can see another reaper protecting his head with a straw hat. He is carrying a sheave or "monllo" of rye. When they finished reaping, the sheaves were put together in "medoucas" or small conical heaps. The ears were placed to the inside so they were protected from the rain.
	Foto 4. Mulleres levando cestos. Ademais de participar na sega, as mulleres estaban encargadas de levar a comida e bebida ás cuadrillas. Nesta fotografía vemos como as mulleres levan grandes cestos coa comida.	Picture 4. Women carrying baskets. Apart from reaping, women were in charge of taking food and drink to the workers. In this picture we can see women carrying big baskets with the food.
A malla		The threshing
	Foto 5. Eira con horreo. A malla consistía na separación do gran da palla do cereal. Tiña lugar xusto despois da seitura, nos meses de xullo e agosto. A malla era tamén un traballo colectivo no que se xuntaban todos os veciños. A malla tiña lugar na eira, un espacio aberto preto da casa. A eira podía estar enlousada pero tamén podía ser de terra. Neste caso, había que preparala botándolle unha capa de bosta e auga para facer unha superficie compacta.	Picture 5.Yard and granary. The threshing consisted of separating the grain from the straw. It happened right after the reaping, in July and August. The threshing was also a collective work that involved all the neighbours. The threshing took place in the house yard, an open space near the house. The yard could be paved but it could be also soil. In this case, it had to be prepared spreading a layer of cowpat and water to form a compact surface to work on.
	Foto 6. A malla. Uns días antes da malla facíase a meda na eira. Os monllos colocábanse nun montón piramidal, coas espigas para dentro. Esto chamábase meda. Nesta fotografía podemos ver á xente na eira e ao fondo, a meda.	Picture 6. The threshing. Some days before the threshing the sheaves were piled on the yard. This heap was called "meda". It was pyramidal and the ears were place in the inside. In this picture we can see two people making a "meda".
	Foto 7. A malladora. 1962. Antigamente a malla facíase manualmente golpeando os monllos cuns bastóns ou mallos. Dende hai tempo xa se vén introducinto a malladora, unha máquina que fai o traballo de separar o gran da palla. Nesta imaxe vemos aos rapaces subidos á meda, dende alí, lanzaban os monllos abaixo para que pasasen pola malladora.	Picture 7. The threshing machine. 1962. In the old times the threshing was made manually, hitting the sheaves with a flail or "mallos". Since long ago, the thresing machine was introduced. In this picture we can see two children on top of the "meda". From there, they sent the sheaves down so they could be passed through the thresher machine.
	Foto 8. Mallando. Nesta fotografía podemos ver como eran as mulleres as que xeralmente desataban os monllos e os colocaban na prancha que tiña a malladora na parte de atrás.	Picture 8. Threshing. In this picture we can see how women undo the sheaves and place them on the mouth of the threshing machine at the back.
	Foto 9. Mallando. Nesta imaxe vemos como dous homes se encargaban de facer pasar o cereal pola malladora. O gran caía por uns buratos na base da malladora e era recollido en cestos polas mulleres. Polo outro lado saía a palla, xa limpa que se ataba en feixes ou se amoreaba para facer o palleiro.	Picture 9. Threshing. in this image we can see how two men were in charge of feeding the threshing machine with the cereal. The grain fell down through the holes and was gathered in baskets by the women. Clean straw came out through the other side, it was tied in bunches or was piled in a hayrick.
	Foto 10. A colleitadora. No últimos tempos fixeron a súa aparición as colleitadoras mecánicas, que fan a sega e a malla ao mesmo tempo e no campo, polo que xa é difícil poder ver unha malla na eira coma antes.	Picture 10. The combine harvester. In the last decades the combine harvesters have been introduced. They do the reaping and threshing at the same time in the very field so it is rare to see a traditional threshing nowadays.
O palleiro		The hayrick
	Foto 11. O palleiro. O palleiro era a forma natural de conservar a palla e a herba seca protexida da choiva. Era normal que en todas as eiras das casas houbera un ou dous palleiros. Esta herba usábase para alimentar aos animais polo inverno.	Picture 11. The hayrick. A hayrick was the natural way of preserving the hay and straw away from the rain. There usually were one or two hayricks in every houseyard. This way was used to feed tha animals during winter.
	Foto 12. A base do palleiro. Para facer o palleiro colocábase a palla en forma circular. Unha persoa subíase nel cunha forcada para ir colocando a palla e outras lle ían mandando a palla dende abaixo ou dende un carro.	Picture 12. The base of the hayrick. To make the hayrick, the hay was placed in a circle. A person went up with a hay fork to arrange the straw that some other people threw up from beneath or from a cart.
	Foto 13. Metade do palleiro. Nesta imaxe vemos como a persoa que está encima do palleiro vai colocando a palla de xeito circular coa forcada, en capas superpostas.	Picture 13. The middle of the hayrick. In this image we can see how the person on the hayrick is arranging the straw in a circle with the fork in different layers.
	Foto 14. Cumio do palleiro. A medida que se vai facendo o palleiro se vai rematando en forma de cono ata rematalo cun cucurucho feito de palla que se chama carapucha. O palleiro estaba feito de herba seca ou palla pero para cubrilo utilizábase palla centea para protexelo da chuvia. Para que non se levante esta capa, ponse na cima a rodela, unha circunferencia de palla atada.	Picture 14. The top of the hayrick. As the hayrick grows the top is given a conical shape and a hood made of straw is placed on the top. This is called "carapucha". The hayrick was made hay or straw but the outside cover was made of rye straw to protect it from the rain. A straw ring was placed on the surface so the straw layer didn´t fly away.
	Foto 15. Tipos de palleiros. Nesta imaxe podemos ver dous palleiros. O da esquerda é de herba seca e o da dereita de palla triga. Os dous están cubertos de palla centea. Entre os dous palleiros hai unha maragota pequena de palla centea, que será utilizada para facer os vencellos dos monllos.	Picture 15. Types of hayricks. In this picture we can see two hayricks. The one on the left is made of hay and the one on the right of wheat straw. Both of them are covered with rye straw. In between there is a small "maragota", a small hayrick which contains the strings to tie the sheaves.
	Foto 16. Posando co palleiro. Ao acabar o palleiro era frecuente que a persoa que mais traballou nel se retratase ao seu lado.	Picture 16. In front of the hayrick. When the hayrick was finished, the people who worked on it used to take pictures of it.
O empacado		The packing
	Foto 17. Carros de herba. Antigamente a herba cortábase, deixábase secar e logo levábase en carros á eira para facer o palleiro. Era a maneira de conservala polo inverno.	Picture 17. Carts with hay. In the old days the grass was reaped and left to dry and then it was carried by cart to the yard to make the hayrick so it was preserved for winter.
	Foto 18. Empacando. Hoxe en día os adiantos técnicos fan que xa non sexa necesario facer o palleiro para conservar a herba seca. As empacadoras fixeron que a herba se puidese compactar en pacas que logo se poden almacenar a cuberto ou cubrir cun plástico para o seu uso no inverno.	Picture 18. Packing. Nowadays hayricks are not necessary anymore thanks to technique. Packing machines pack the hay into bales that are stored in the barn or covered with plastic to use in winter.
	Foto 19. Rolos. A herba córtase coa segadora e queda en vías. Déixase secar ao sol uns días e logo a empacadora vai pasando, recolle a herba, compáctaa e expúlsaa en forma de pacas ou rolos de herba seca. Ao principio eran rectangulares, ultimamente son redondos.	Picture 19. Bales. The grass is cut with the reaper and is arranged into lines. It is left to dry for a few days. Then the baler collects the hay, packs it and expells it as bales. At he beginning bales were rectangular, nowadays they are like rolls.

Apañar as patacas		Picking potatoes.
	Foto 20. Apañando patacas. A finais do verán máis ou menos dependendo da zona, é a época de apañar as patacas. Antigamente apáñabanse á man, íanse desenterrando as patacas e botábanse nun cesto.	Picture 20. Picking potatoes. At the end of the summer, depending on the area, it´s the time for picking potatoes. Potatoes are picked by hand. They have to be digged up one by one and put into a basket.
	Foto 21. Apañando patacas co tractor. Hoxe en día o proceso é moi similar, pero ás veces pódese axudar do tractor co arado para ir levantando a terra e que sexa máis doado desenterrar as patacas.	Picture 21. Picking potatoes with the tractor. Today the process is very similar but sometimes a tractor can make it easier to dig them up.
Recollida das hortalizas		Harvesting vegetables.
	Foto 22. Na horta. Durante todo o veran é posible desfrutar dos productos da horta. A finais da temporada, é necesario recollelos e almacenalos para a súa conservación.	Picture 21. In the vegetable garden. During all summer it is possile to enjoy all sorts of vegetables. At the end of the season they must be harvested and stored.
	Foto 23. Remolacha. Nas hortas preto da casa plántanse moitas verduras que se recollen polo verán. Aquí podemos ver unha horta de remolacha, pero tamén se plantan tomates, feixóns, allos, cebolas e leitugas. As hortalizas recóllense a man, pouco a pouco se son para propio consumo, ou dunha vez se son para conservar ou vender.	Picture 23. Beetroot. In the land near the house a lot of vegetables are planted. In this picture we can see a beetrot plantation but you could also find tomatoes, beans, garlic, onions and lettuce. Vegetables are harvested by hand, little by little, if they are to be eaten at home. If they are going to be sold they are harvested in one go.
	Foto 24. Pementos. Outro producto hortícola propio do verán son os pementos. Como vemos na foto, cando están listos recóllense á man e métense en caixas. Dependendo da cantidade, pódense consumir na propia familia, vendelos ou conservalos secos, en tarros...	Picture 24. Peppers. Other products typical of the summer are peppers. As we can see in the picture, when they are ready, they are harvested by hand and put into boxes. Depending on the ammoount, they can be eaten at home or sold or they can be preserved dried or in jars.
Mallar as fabas		Threshing beans
	Foto 25. Mallando. Despois da recollida das fabas, levábanse para a eira e extendíanse sobre unha tea ao sol para que secasen. Logo duns días, mallábanse cun mallo ou similar para separar a planta da faba. Finalmente xuntábanse nun saco e almacenábanse para consumir no inverno.	Picture 25. Threshing. After the bean harvest, these were left in the yard on a cloth to dry. After some days, they were threshed with a flail or similar in order to separate the bean from the leaves. Finally they were collected in bags and stored to be eaten in winter.
Sachar e regar o millo		Weeding the corn
	Foto 26. Sachando. Durante o verán , cando as plantas de millo van medrando hai que ir sachándoas e, se fai falta, regándoas. Esto facíase á man, co sacho.	Picture 26. Digging. During the summer, when the corn plants are growing, it is neccesary to weed them and water them. This was made by hand with the hoe.
	Foto 27. A rega. A rega do millo facíase por medio de presas que se abrían e conducíase a auga dun regato polos canais da terra. Hoxe en día faise por aspersión.	Picture 27. Watering. Watering the corn had to be done by means of irrigation channels that brough water from a nearby spring to the cornfield. Today, this is done by sprinklers.
Sacar as vacas a pacer		Taking the cows to graze
	Foto 28. Vacas á corda. As vacas pacen todo o ano, aínda que no verán o tempo é mellor e saen máis. O sistema tradicional para sacar as vacas a pacer era á corda, é dicir, levábanse as vacas atadas cunha corda para controlalas.	Picture 28. Cows á corda Cows graze all year long, although summer is the best season because of the weather. The traditional system to take the cows to graze was "a corda", that is, tied with a rope to control them.
	Foto 29. Rapaz coas vacas. Os encargados se levar as vacas a pacer e ter conta delas eran ou os rapaces ou os máis vellos. As vacas levábanse atadas camiñando de cara a elas .	Picture 29. Boy with cows. People in charge of looking after the cows when grazing were children or old people. Cows were taken out tied with a rope.The person should face them all the time to control them.
	Foto 30. Vacas na leira. As vacas podíanse levar a un prado ou a unha leira. Neste caso había que telas ben controladas para que non fosen á horta.	Picture 30. Cows in the yard. Cows could be taken to a field or to a yard. In this case, they should be under control so they did not enter the garden.
	Foto 31. Vacas no prado. Nesta fotografía podemos ver ás vacas nun prado ao coidado dunha persoa.	Picture 31. Cows on a field. In this picture we can see cows on a field being looked after by a person.
	Foto 32. Devesa. Ás veces as vacas levábanse a zonas onde a vexetación mesturaba prados e árbores autóctonas. Estas eran as devesas.	Picture 32. "Devesas". Sometimes cows were taken to areas with fields and trees. These places are called "devesas".
	Foto 33. Pastor eléctrico. Hoxe en día coa proliferación dos pastores eléctricos xa non é necesario que unha persoa estea ao coidado das vacas polo que se gaña tempo e recursos. As vacas quedan soas no prado cerradas por un cercado eléctrico que as mantén alí.	Picture 33. Electric fencing. Today electric fencing make easier the task of looking after the cows, so the farmer has more time. Cows are on their own on the field, enclosed by an electric fence.

Verán / Summer